Background and Objective: Ankle instability is one of the most prevalent injuries among athletes. Biomechanical changes, sensory-motor impairments, and neuromuscular disorders have been reported in individuals with chronic ankle instability. The present study was conducted to compare the electrical activity of selected leg and thigh muscles during performing functional movements in female athletes with and without chronic ankle instability.
Methods: This case-control research was conducted on 40 female athletes in the age range of 18-30 years in two groups, including the case (with ankle instability, n=20) and healthy control (without ankle instability, n=20) groups. The electrical activity of selected leg and thigh muscles was recorded during three functional patterns, i.e., the overhead squat, overhead squat with heel lift, and single-legged squat, by electromyography apparatus. The investigated muscles consisted of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle, the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) muscle, the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, the fibularis longus (FL) muscle, the soleus (SO) muscle, the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle, the vastus mediali (VM) muscle, and the biceps femoris (BF) muscle.
Results: The activity of the VM, VL, BF, and TA muscles in the single-legged squat and the activity of the VM, VL, BF, SO, and TA muscles in the overhead squat showed a statistically significant increase in the case group compared to the control group (P<0.05). The highest difference in the muscle activity of the two groups was observed in the overhead squat with heel lift movement, which in this movement, except for the GL muscle, there was a statistically significant increase among all other muscles (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Functional movements culminate in increasing the electrical activity level of leg and thigh muscles in female athletes with ankle instability.

The terrible triad of the elbow consists of an elbow joint dislocation (ulnohumeroradial and radiocapitellar), a fracture of the radial head or neck, and a fracture of the coronoid process. Since these injuries are highly prone to persistent pain, poor painful functional outcomes, and common complications—including instability, elbow stiffness, and osteoarthritis—their treatment is predominantly surgical to achieve stability and initiate early mobilization. However, non-surgical treatment may occasionally be appropriate in carefully selected, compliant patients under close clinical and radiographic surveillance. The present study reports a case of an unstable terrible triad of the elbow that was initially a candidate for surgery. However, due to the patient's cardiomyopathy, following initial reduction in the operating room, a long arm splint was applied at 100 degrees of flexion because of instability and re-dislocation. The patient was prescribed Indomethacin 25 mg 2–3 times daily, along with Omeprazole. On the first postoperative day, finger movements and isometric contractions of the forearm and arm muscles were instructed. The splint was removed after 2 weeks, and a splint at 90 degrees of elbow flexion stopping proximal to the wrist was applied until the end of the 6th week. Upon observing satisfactory radiographs at a 45 degrees angle, active motion was permitted from full flexion to 45 degrees of flexion. After 4 weeks, following acceptable radiographs at 30 degrees of flexion, motion was allowed from full flexion to 30 degrees of flexion. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient was satisfied and demonstrated healing of the radial neck fracture. The coronoid process fracture healed via fibrous union but remained asymptomatic. There was no evidence of elbow osteoarthritis, ulnar neuropathy, or heterotopic ossification. The patient exhibited a 20 degrees elbow flexion contracture.