Foot pronation, as one of the prevalent foot abnormalities, can influence the biomechanics of the lower limbs. The use of various foot orthoses, including insoles and braces, is very common in eliminating this problem. The results obtained regarding the effect of orthoses on pain and biomechanics of individuals with foot pronation are different. The present review study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foot orthoses and shoes on the biomechanics of the lower limbs and balance in individuals with foot pronation. The articles were searched in Persian and Latin languages during 2004-22 in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Islamic Science Citation (ISC), and Google Scholar search engine. Moreover, the types of the searched studies were original research, review studies, and clinical trials. Using keywords of Foot pronation, Foot orthoses, Medical soles, and Motion-control shoes, 52 relevant articles were selected, and 22 articles regarding the effects of orthoses and shoes on foot pronation were finally analyzed. Eight articles also reported that reducing forces imposed on the joints, absorbing shock, preventing pronation-related running injuries, and improving muscle activity occurred when using orthosis. Furthermore, 4 articles reported improving sports performance in athletes, reducing the ground reaction forces, and changing the frequency of muscle activity. Finally, 2 articles showed that motion-control shoes prevented intensifying the injury due to increased fatigue and subsequently increased mechanical loading during running. The results of the present study demonstrated that foot orthoses and motion-control shoes could have positive effects on balance, improving the activities of the lower limbs and reducing foot pronation and force imposed on the foot and lower limb joints.

Background and Objective: Individuals with a history of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are at a higher risk of re-injury compared to healthy individuals. ACL-injured patients exhibit weaker longitudinal arches and increased foot pronation compared to healthy individuals. This study aimed to determine the effect of short-term use of anti-pronation insoles on plantar pressure variables following ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with a pronated foot during gait.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 15 male participants who had undergone ACLR with a pronated foot (mean age= 23.2±4.5 years) and 15 healthy males (mean age= 22.7±4.3 years) in Ardabil, Iran during 2022. Plantar pressure values during gait with and without the use of anti-pronation insoles were recorded and compared using a foot scanner (sampling rate: 300 Hz).
Results: The effect of the group factor on the big toe plantar pressure variable was statistically significant (P<0.05). Pairwise comparison results demonstrated a significant increase in pressure in the ACLR group (154.63±41.71 N/cm²) compared to the healthy group (126.54±26.57 N/cm²) (P<0.05). Intragroup comparison results revealed a significant decrease in pressure on the second to fifth toes (215.73±60.74 N/cm²) and the first plantar (420.58±107.56 N/cm²) when using anti-pronation insoles compared to the non-insole condition (the second to fifth toes (201.57±76.21 N/cm²) and the first plantar (400.78±118.20 N/cm²) in the ACL reconstruction group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The use of anti-pronation insoles can effectively reduce plantar pressure after ACLR in individuals with a pronated foot during gait.

Background and Objective: Pronated foot is one of the lower extremity deformities, and obesity is considered a major dilemma in modern society. The present study aimed to determine the interactive effect of overweight and pronated foot on the frequency spectrum of lower extremity muscle activity in men during running.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 40 male students aged 21–35 years, who were assigned non-randomly into four groups of 10: Normal weight with normal foot, obese with pronated foot, obese with normal foot, and normal weight with pronated foot. The activity of selected muscles, including the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and gluteus medius, was recorded during running using electromyography (EMG).
Results: The frequency spectrum of the electrical activity of the biceps femoris muscle was significantly lower in the “obese with normal foot” group compared to the “normal weight with pronated foot” group (P<0.05). The interactive effect of fatigue and group was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: In the “obese with pronated foot” group, the observed increase in muscle activity may reflect the neuromuscular system's attempt to manage biomechanical loads. Furthermore, individual differences in movement patterns, fitness levels, and compensatory strategies may contribute significantly to variations in muscle activity.

Background and Objective: Obesity is a major public health concern worldwide. Evidence suggests that fatigue can lead to significant alterations in mechanical components among obese individuals compared to their healthy counterparts. The present study aimed to determine the effect of fatigue on the mechanical values of impulse and center of pressure (COP) in obese individuals with pronated feet during a landing maneuver.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Ardabil Province, Iran, on 16 male students with healthy feet and normal body mass indices (BMIs<25) and 15 obese male students (BMI>30) with pronated feet. During the test, mechanical variables were recorded for both groups before and after implementing the fatigue protocol, utilizing a force plate (sampling rate: 1000 Hz) during a landing maneuver.
Results: In the between-group comparison, the mechanical impulse values along the anteroposterior axis were significantly higher in the “healthy feet with normal BMIs” group (34.69±17.9) compared to the “obese with pronated feet” group (9.41±2.07) (P<0.05). In the within-group comparison of “obese students with pronated feet”, no statistically significant differences were found before and after the fatigue protocol during a landing maneuver for the mechanical variables of vertical impulse, anteroposterior impulse, mediolateral impulse, mediolateral COP, and anteroposterior COP.
Conclusion: In the mechanical components of impulse, the “obese with pronated feet” group exhibited a statistically significant decrease compared to the “healthy feet with normal BMIs” group during a landing maneuver; however, the fatigue protocol did not alter the impulse values.