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Background and objectives: Bone-related osteokines play an important role in the response of bone metabolism to physical activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of different intensities of resistance training on serum levels of some osteokines associated with the Wnt signaling pathway and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) pathway in old male Wistar rats.
Methods: Twenty-four old (23 months) male Wistar rats (mean weight: 437.93±33 g) were randomly divided into three groups of moderate-intensity resistance training (n=8), high-intensity resistance training (n=8) and control (n=8). Moderate- and high-intensity resistance trainings were performed at 60% and 80% maximal voluntary carrying capacity, respectively. The level of wclerostin, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and at significance level of ≤0.05.
Results: The results showed that sclerostin (p=0.014), OPG (p=0.049) and RANKL (P=0.034) differed significantly between the study groups. The Tukey post-hoc comparison showed that sclerostin decreased significantly in the high-intensity resistance training group  compared to moderate-intensity resistance training group (P=0.048). In addition, OPG decreased significantly in the moderate-intensity resistance training group compared to the control group (P=0.033). Moreover, RANKL decreased significantly in the high-intensity resistance training group compared to the control (P=0.048).
Conclusion: The results showed that resistance training with appropriate repetition and intensity can have positive effects on bone formation signaling pathways.

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Background and objectives: Type 2 diabetes is a serious chronic disease associated with hyperglycemia, overweight and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of this disease is constantly increasing. The aim of this trial was to investigate the separate and combined effects of resistance training and cucumber juice consumption on liver indicators in women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Type 2 diabetic women aged 35 – 70 years (N = 40) were selected. Subjects were randomly placed into four groups  (three experimental groups and one control group). The Training+placebo group implemented resistance training and consumed placebo, The Training+ Supplement group implemented resistance training and consumed cucumber juice, The Supplement consumed cucumber juice, and control group consumed placebo for eight weeks. 48 hours before and after the research, blood sampling was done and the changes of liver enzymes levels were investigated and compared among the groups. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of separate or combined resistance training and consumption of cucumber juice led to a significant reduction in the levels liver (ALT, AST and ALP) indices (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: In the present study, liver enzymes levels decreased. Therefore, separate or combined implementation of resistance training and consumption of cucumber juice can be used as therapeutic aids to control the levels of liver enzymes in women with type 2 diabetes.