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Abstract: Introduction: Influenza is highly transmitted disease and vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza. This research was designed to study the variation of serum antibody level among the subjects had already been vaccinated against influenza. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive-analytical study, which was carried out on 196 subjects who had influenza vaccination (influvac 2005/2006) and 200 subjects matched by the vaccinated subjects, by age. The subject's serums were prepared seven weeks after influenza vaccination, and the control group's serums were also prepared. The serum antibody level was determined by haemaglutination inhibition test. Results: The mean age of case group is 52.2±11 and control group 48.64±5.17.The antibody titre of 115 of Vaccinated group and 15 of control is less than 40 1 The mean antibody titer of vaccinated subjects and control group is 143.4 ± 10.89 and 18.34± 3.2, respectively. The difference is statistically significant (P value=0.000). Conclusion: The findings show that the mean titer of antibody in vaccinated and control group is statistically different. It means that the influenza vaccine had a good efficacy. Key words: Vaccination, Influenza, Gorgan.

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Abstract Background and Objectives: The hyperthyroidism, caused in Pregnancy, may Leads to nausea and vomiting. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxin. (T4), which reflect thyroid function assessment, with nausea and vomiting, among pregnant women in early pregnancy. Material and Methods: the Subjects of this Case- Control Study were the pregnant women referred to routine laboratory investigations. We Compared 60 pregnant women without nausea and Vomiting with 60 pregnant women with nausea and vomiting in Gorgan, Iran. Results: The results Show that there is an increased level of T4 among 34 subjects (56.6 %) with nausea and vomiting compared to 20 Subjects (33.3 %) of women without nausea and vomiting. The mean of T4 in Case and Control group is 11:30±2.8 and 10.26±2.4hg/dl. This difference is Statistically Significant. (p<0.05). TSH level is nearly the same in both groups. Conclusion: These data suggest that there is a role for elevated T4 in nausea and vomiting among pregnant women, in early pregnancy. Key words: Pregnant women, nausea and vomiting, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxin.

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Abstract Background and Objective:Staphylococcusaureus is one of the important factors causing nosocomial infections. Typically 25-30 percent of healthy people carry the bacteria in their anterior nasal cavity. The physicians(50%), nurses (70%) and hospital staff (90%) are the carriers of this bacteria, leading to the infection of inpatients. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus strains to vancomycin and methicillin has brought about several problems in treatment of the infections caused by Staphylococcus strains. Hence, we aimed to study the frequency of staphylococcus aureus carriers and resistance pattern among medical personnel of the surgical ward in ShahidRajaee hospital, Tonekabon. Material and Methods: this analytic-descriptive study was conducted on the samples taken from nasal carriage of medical staff of surgical ward (N=120). Antibiotic- resistant of Staphylococcus strains was assessed by antibiogram and disk diffusion (DAD), in accordance with CLSI standards. Results: of 34 (28.33%) who are nasal carriers of staphylococcus, 12 are over 30 years old and 24 under 30. Based on antibiogram, 1.97% of specimens are sensitive to Gentamicin and Co-trimoxazole, 1.94% to Ciprofloxacin, 2.88% to Vancomycin and 6.20% to Methicillin. In addition, 100% of specimens are resistant to Ampicillin, 1.97% to Penicillin and 2.88% to Amoxicillin. Four isolates areresistant,both to methicillin and vancomycin. Conclusion:In this study, the spectrum of S. aureus resistant and sensitive strains to some antibiotics is similar to other studies, but a dramatic increase is seen in the rate of MRSA and non-susceptible cases to vancomycin. The Effectiveness of Penicillin, Amoxicillin and Ampicillin is still very low on S. aureus samples. Key words: Prevalance Resistance Pattern, Staphylococcus aureus, Medical Staff, Nasal Cavity, Tonekabon

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The prevalence of hypothyroidism is much higher among women than in men. Hypothyroidism is also one of the most prevalent thyroid disorders among women of reproductive age. The disease exerts its effect on female sex hormones by manipulating the production of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone that are crucial for the production of estrogen by the ovaries. Various studies demonstrated the adverse effect of overt hypothyroidism on ovulation, menstrual cycle, and fertility. This review surveys the adverse effects of hypothyroidism on fertility and pregnancy.
 

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Background and objectives: Echinococcosis is a global cosmopolitan zoonotic disease and a major veterinary and public health issue. In humans, echinococcosis usually develops following close contact with infected dogs or ingestion of the parasite eggs. Until now, no effective vaccine has been commercially developed, and treatment is only focused on controlling hydatidosis. This study was conducted to evaluate the protoscolicidal activity of alcoholic extracts of pomegranate rind and barberry.
Methods: The alcoholic extracts of pomegranate rind and barberry were prepared by mixing 330 g of powdered plants with 1,000 ml of 70% ethanol. A concentrate of viable protoscolices (PCSs) was obtained from hydatid cysts found in the lungs and liver of sheep. Next, PCSs were treated with four different concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, and mg/ml) of each extract for 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes. The eosin exclusion test was performed to assess viability of the PCSs.
Results: The mortality rate caused by treatment with the extracts ranged between 25% and 100%. Complete inactivation of PCSs was achieved after 60 minutes of exposure to 15 mg/ml of the pomegranate rind extract and 30 mg/ml of the barberry extract.
Conclusion: Given their favorable anti-PCSs activity, combination of conventional synthetic albendazole with the alcoholic extracts of pomegranate rind and barberry might induce higher anti-PCS activity with lower side effects. It is recommended to evaluate the anti-PCSs activities of the pomegranate rind and barberry alcoholic extracts in vivo and ex vivo.