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Background and objectives: Dried Black Curd (DBC), also known as Gharahghorut (Persian), is a dairy product produced from curd of yogurt or doogh. The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial contamination of industrially and traditionally produced DBC in Iran.
 
Methods: Four DBC brands holding certification of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI), Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education (IMHME) and ISO were purchased from a market in Tehran, Iran. Microbial monitoring for presence of coliform, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, mold and yeast was performed using different basic, enriched, selective and differential media including peptone water agar, MacCankey agar, blood agar and brain heart infusion agar, etc. according to the ISIRI standards (No.13299).
 
Results: None of the tested samples had microbial contamination. However, in one traditional DBC sample, the population of mold and yeast was higher than the acceptable level defined by the ISIRI standard.
 
Conclusion: We found no contamination with coagulase-positive S. aureus, E. coli and coliforms in four brands of traditionally and industrially produced DBC in Iran. This indicates that the hygienic practices designated by the IMHME are well-implemented in the industrial sector. However, the mold and yeast contamination in traditionally produced DBC should be prevented by applying hygienic practices during the process of manufacturing and distribution.

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Background and objectives: Hydatidosis is an important zoonotic disease with widespread distribution. For unknown reasons, some cysts are unable to produce protoscoleces, and little is known about the mechanisms involved in infertile cyst production. Therefore, characterization of hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) components could help clarify the host-parasite relationship and the fertility process of cyst. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify biochemical components of HCF of fertile and infertile cysts from different hosts.
Methods: A total of 35 HCF samples were obtained from the liver and lung of 16 cattle, 16 sheep and three humans. Fertility of cysts was determined by examination of cysts’ content. Then, total fluid was aspirated aseptically from each cyst. The samples were centrifuged at 10000×g for 15 min at 4°C, and then concentrated and dialyzed against phosphate buffer saline using an Amicon Ultra-15 5000 MWCO centrifugal filter device (Millipore, USA). All biochemical components were quantified by an automatic analyzer.
Results: The value of lactate dehydrogenase, potassium, calcium, cholesterol, glucose, urea and uric acid differed significantly in cysts collected from different hosts (P<0.001). There was also a significant difference in the amount of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and cholesterol between fertile and infertile cysts (P<0.039).
Conclusion: Due to the differences in biochemical composition of HCF of different host origin, it is possible that the host plays a crucial role in determining the type of biochemistry in hydatid cyst as well as in hydatid cyst fertility.

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Background and objectives: Coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to stenosis or obstruction of coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or clotting. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible association of serum miRNA-197 (miR-197) expression as a biomarker for CAD diagnosis.
Methods: In this study, 100 patients with CAD who had angiography and vascular transplantation were selected. Expression of miR-197 was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR technique and the SYBR Green method. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine relationship of miR-197 expression and severity of coronary artery disease. The t-test was used to determine significance of expression of miR-197 in the study groups. All statistical analyses were carried out in SPSS 16 and at significance of 0.05.
Results: The results showed a direct relationship between miR-197 expression and CAD severity. The relative expression of miR-197 in the CAD patients was significantly higher than that in control subjects (P<0.004).
Conclusion: It seems that miR-197 can be considered as an indicator of coronary endothelial cell function. This microRNA could be used as a biomarker for CAD prognosis and treatment progression.

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Background and objectives: Voluntary blood donation is the main source of blood and its components globally. Blood transfusion is essential for management of various diseases but remains as one of the most important causes of disease transmission. In this study, we screened donated blood samplesfor haemoparasites in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 blood samples taken from donors who had been asymptomatic for haemoparasite infections. The blood samples were analyzed microscopically for the presence of malaria parasites using Giemsa stained thin smears and thick smears. The Knott concentration technique was used to detect microfilaria. To evaluate presence of trypanosomes, triple centrifugation was carried out and the resulting sediment was used to prepare wet and smears stained with 10% Giemsa solution.
Results: The prevalence of malaria parasites, microfilaria, and trypanosome was 38% (76/200), 5% (10/200), and nil (0/200), respectively. The prevalence of malaria infection was highest among females, individuals aged 18–25 years and those with O+ blood type. Most donors had malaria parasite density of 200–4000/µl. Microfilaria was only found in males and more common among subjects between 26 and 33 years of age as well as those with O+ blood type.
Conclusion: The findings revealed the presence of malaria and microfilaria infections and the absence of trypanosomes among blood donors in Calabar, Nigeria. This accentuates the need to screen all blood donors for haemoparasites in order to reduce the spread of the parasites and minimize its effects on the recipients.

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Background and objectives: Bacteriocins are generally active antimicrobial peptides effective against bacteria closely related to the producer. Escherichia coli produce two bacteriocins: colicins and microcins. Microcin J25 (Mcc J25) is an antibacterial peptide that inhibits bacterial transcription by disrupting the nucleotide-uptake channel of bacterial RNA polymerase. The objective of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of MccJ25 produced by the bacteriocinogenic E. coli.
Methods: In this experimental study, 120 clinical specimens were selected from private diagnostic laboratories in Isfahan (Iran) in 2020. Antagonistic activity of isolates was tested by adopting agar plug method. Total DNA was extracted from clinical specimens and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using specific primers for amplification of the complete sequence of MccJ25 gene. Accuracy of the PCR products was confirmed by direct sequencing. Homology analysis was performed by using BLAST. Data were analyzed with Chromasv2.1.1 software.
Results: Overall, 120 E. coli strains were isolated from the clinical specimens. The antibiotic activity of Mcc J25 was mainly directed at Enterobacteriaceae, including several pathogenic E. coli strains of which 25 had positive well test samples, and about 5 (20%) of the collected clinical samples that were infected with E. coli had the MccJ25 gene.
Conclusions: Based on the results, Mcc J25 has favorable antibacterial potential, which can be further exploited as an alternative to chemical antibiotics.

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Background and objectives: Piper guineense (African black pepper) is a widely consumed spice in some parts of Central and Western Africa, especially Nigeria, due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. This study investigated biochemical effects of extract of P. guineense seeds on lipid profile, renal function parameters, and antioxidant status of Cavia porcellus.
Methods: Forty guinea pigs (weighing 200–300g) were equally divided into a control group and three experimental groups. Animals in the control group received 1 mL of distilled water daily for 28 days, while animals in the experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 received 0.5 mL of distilled water along with 10, 20, and 20 mg/100 g body weight powered seeds daily for 28 days.
Results: Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and calcium. The median lethal oral dose of the aqueous extract of P. guineense seeds was greater than 5,000 mg/kg, indicating a high degree of safety. The extract at dose of 30 mg/100 g body weight had the most beneficial effects on lipid profile, renal function parameters, and antioxidant status of guinea pigs when compared with other groups.
Conclusion: Given the beneficial effects of P. guineense on lipid profile and renal function parameters, the plant can be incorporated in daily diets to ensure receiving adequate amount of essential vitamins, phytochemicals, and other nutrients present in the plant.

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Background and objectives: Pandemics have serious adverse impacts on public health, economy, social structure, and overall growth and development of a nation. Such impacts can be mitigated by timely introduction of effective vaccination programs. This was successfully achieved in India. This study was performed to compare the anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses after first and second dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 60 people who were vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine at Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubballi, India. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group I included 30 people who had received a single dose of the vaccine, and group II included 30 people who had received two doses of the vaccine. Exclusion criteria included having a history of influenza like illness/severe acute respiratory infection/proven COVID-19 infection in past 6 months. The antibody response was measured by the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG test using the VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Reagent Pack.
Results: We observed that 97% of the subjects had reactive IgG antibodies after receiving two doses of the vaccine, whereas only 83% of the subjects developed antibodies after a single dose of the vaccine. A positive correlation was observed between the development of reactive antibodies and the duration between the first dose and the second dose (r=0.24).
Conclusion: Based on the results, the two-dose vaccination with the AstraZeneca vaccine is beneficial over the single-dose vaccination for protection against COVID-19. Moreover, increasing the duration between doses might improve the antibody response.

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Background and objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a communicable disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 vary from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome. In severely-ill patients, neutrophil count is significantly increased. This study aimed to evaluate absolute neutrophil count (ANC) in patients with COVID-19 and healthy individuals.
Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out on patients admitted to the outpatient department of OBGY Rural Hospital (Maharashtra, India) from April 2021 to June 2021. A peripheral venous blood sample (3 ml) was taken from 143 patients with COVID-19 and 143 healthy controls. The blood samples were analyzed using a fully automated blood cell counter for the estimation of complete blood count. A peripheral blood smear was prepared and stained with Leishman stain for evaluation of morphological changes.
Results: The ANC of COVID-19 patients was significantly higher than that of healthy control subjects (p=0.00001). Toxic granules (48.9%) were the most common morphological neutrophil abnormality, followed by hypolobation, hypogranulation, Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly (20.9%), and shift to left with the presence of immature myeloid series cells.
Conclusion: High ANC along with morphological changes in neutrophils could be used as a simple and inexpensive surrogate marker of COVID-19 and its severity.

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Background and objectives: Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections. One of the side effects of this antibiotic is nephrotoxicity. In this study, the protective effect of Melissa officinalis L. extract on diabetes- and gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity was studied.
Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. The first group received distilled water, and the second group received M. officinalis L. extract (100 mg/kg) for 28 days. The third group received streptozocin (60 mg/kg) for 18 days, and then received gentamicin (80 mg/kg) on day 20 for 8 consecutive days. The fourth group received streptozocin, gentamicin, and M. officinalis L. extract for 28 days. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glucose, and amylases were measured. The right kidney was maintained in 10% formalin for hematoxylin and eosin staining, and oxidative stress markers in the left kidney were assessed.
Results: In the third group, serum BUN, creatinine, glucose, amylase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, while glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities decreased significantly compared to the other groups (P<0.05). The extract of M. officinalis L. significantly inhibited the enhancement of serum creatinine, BUN, glucose, amylase, and MDA (P<0.05). Histological examinations showed that diabetes and gentamicin could lead to kidney damage by inducing necrosis and inflammation. Finally, the extract of M. officinalis L. could significantly reduce the adverse effects of both gentamicin and diabetes (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The extract of M. officinalis L. improves biochemical parameters and histological lesions in diabetic rats treated with gentamicin.

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Background and objectives: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease, caused by abnormal innate and adaptive immune responses. Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) are reliable biomarkers for diagnosing SLE. Here, we aimed to investigate the serum levels of anti-dsDNA and ANA antibodies, their diagnostic utilities, and their relationship with disease activity and clinical/laboratory manifestations in patients with suspected.
Methods: We evaluated the plasma levels of ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies in all individuals with suspected SLE (n=668) who had been referred to rheumatology clinics in Gorgan, Iran. The level of antibodies as well as C3, C4, and CH50 were determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.
Results: The mean level of ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies differed significantly between the ANA-positive and ANA-negative groups (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the mean values of C3 (p=0.233), C4 (p=0.415, and CH50 (p=0.482) between the two groups. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between ANA and anti-dsDNA levels (p<0.001, r=0.50).
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that anti-dsDNA levels are higher in ANA-positive individuals, and there may be a positive correlation between ANA and anti-dsDNA levels. It is recommended to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic values of ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies in future studies.

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Background and objectives: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common Gram-positive bacterium that causes uncomplicated UTIs in women. The present study aimed to study the drug resistance pattern and phenotypic and genotypic variation of S. saprophyticus isolates from women with UTI in Gorgan, northern Iran.
Methods: This study was performed from May 2018 to September 2020. During this time,   35 S. saprophyticus strains were isolated from patients with UTI. The antimicrobial patterns of the isolates were determined by a conventional method. Phenotypic criteria such as pigment production, mannitol fermentation, urease production, and 16SrRNA gene valuation were studied.
Results: All isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, and linezolid. S. saprophyticus isolates showed the highest level of resistance to penicillin (85.7%) and erythromycin (51.4%). A variation was detected among S. saprophyticus isolates in terms of pigment production i.e. about 51.4% showed yellow pigment in Muller Hinton agar, and 62.9% of the isolates were able to ferment mannitol sugar. Of 11 isolates that were sequenced for the 16SrRNA gene, only two isolates showed different patterns.
Conclusion: Nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are the antibiotics of choice for the treatment of UTI caused by S. saprophyticus in the study area. Due to the phenotypic and genotypic differences among S. saprophyticus isolates, typing of S. saprophyticus at the subspecies level is recommended.

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Background and objectives: Conventional culture and sensitivity methods take around 48 hours to generate antibiotic sensitivity results after a blood culture is flagged as positive by automated systems. However, it is imperative to initiate early targeted antibiotic therapy for effective management of sepsis and to reduce morbidity, mortality, and cost of treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the direct sensitivity test (DST) as a potential tool to obtain quicker antibiotic susceptibility results from positive BacT/ALERT blood culture vials and the VITEK-2 system (the reference method).
Methods: Blood culture bottles flagged as positive by BacT/ALERT were Gram-stained. Cultures with polymicrobial growth were excluded from the study. The isolates were then simultaneously cultured and processed for the DST using the disk diffusion method. Agreements or errors were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute’s guidelines.
Results: Among 76 Gram-positive isolates, we observed 99.2% essential agreement between the DST and AST. The rate of minor and major errors was 4.04% and 1.18%, respectively. Among 75 Gram-negative isolates, we observed 98.99% essential agreement between the DST and AST. The rate of minor and major errors was 4% and 2%, respectively. No very major error was seen in either Gram-negative or -positive isolates.
Conclusions: The DST results are available earlier than the AST results, which can ultimately help in the early initiation of targeted antibiotic therapy.

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Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections of all ages and sexes. Escherichia coli is reported as the most common predominant pathogen. Urinary tract infection treatment leads to abundant antibiotic application in hospitals and communities, continuously developing multidrug resistance (MDR). This study aimed to determine the sensitivity and resistance pattern to common antibiotics among E. coli isolates from patients with UTIs at Nemazee Hospital in Shiraz.
Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional survey studied 1910 positive urine samples with E. coli bacteria from patients referred to Nemazee Hospital from 2018 to 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 12 commonly used antibiotics for UTIs.
Results: A total of 1910 E. coli isolates were gathered during these 2 years. The most highlighted resistance was observed against quinolones and cephalosporins at 86.9% and 89.7%, respectively. Cephalexin (87.9%) and nalidixic acid (86.1%) have shown the lowest activity against E. coli isolates. Also, the highest susceptibility was determined for amikacin (88.3%), nitrofurantoin (76.8%), and gentamicin (70.6%). In addition, 1624 (85%) isolates were MDR.
Conclusion: In conclusion, resistance to antibiotics (such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, and nitrofurantoin) is increasing. Therefore, it is vital to follow an appropriate antimicrobial stewardship program.
 

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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common types of infections affecting people in community and hospital settings. Bacteria are the leading cause of UTIs, followed by fungi. 39% of all healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) affecting all age groups are UTIs, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of causative organisms is changing due to improper antibiotic use. The study was conducted to determine the microbiological profile of both community and HAIs and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.
Methods: Clean-catch, mid-stream urine samples collected in the universal wide-mouthed sterile containers were transported to the laboratory. Samples were processed by standard conventional microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar plates.
Results: The most common causative organisms among gram-negative bacteria were E coli (26.05%), followed by Klebsiella spp (20.37%), and Enterococcus spp (12.81%) was more common among the gram-positive bacteria. Non-albicans Candida (64.10%) were more commonly isolated than Candida albicans (35.90%). E coli was highly susceptible to nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin, and Klebsiella spp and Enterococcus spp were similarly highly susceptible.  Antibiotic resistance was more common among bacteria isolated in HAIs.
Conclusion: In both settings, E coli was the most common causative organism. The incidence of non-albicans Candida species has increased in comparison to Candida albicans. Antimicrobial susceptibility to empirical 3rd-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has drastically decreased. Hospital-acquired UTIs are a rising threat to the healthcare system and community. Based on hospitals’ antimicrobial policy formulated by studying antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, empirical treatment should be chosen.
 

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of swimming training, cell therapy and laser therapy on the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics in azoospermic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 30 rats 6 to 8 weeks of age were randomly selected, and then injected intraperitoneally with a 40 mg dose of busulfan for each rat and an azoospermia model was created. Then mice were subdivided into: patient, control, patient + laser, patient + exercise, patient + cell and patient + Cell + Laser + Exercise. Swimming training was performed for 8 weeks, 5 days a week and for 30 minutes every day.
Results: Induction of azoospermia significantly reduced the expression of Mfn2 in testicular tissue. The use of interventional methods increased the expression of Mfn2, which was significant only in the combined group laser + exercise. The induction of azoospermia also significantly increased the expression of Drp1 and Murf1 in testicular tissue. The use of exercise, cell therapy and laser therapy interventions reduced the expression of Drp1, which was not significant, but for Murf1 expression, testicular tissue decreased in all groups except for the cell group, it was significant.
Conclusion: Swimming training in combination with cell therapy and laser therapy by improving the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics may exert its protective effect in azoospermic mice and cause the mice to become fertile.

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Background and objectives: Acute ischemic stroke occurs mainly due to thrombotic and embolic mechanisms. Platelet indices contain mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet count (PC), platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateletcrit (PCT). The study aimed to investigate the correlation between platelets quality and platelets indices in acute ischemic stroke. Methods: This study was included one hundred acute ischemic stroke patients who were examining clinically and with CT brain and ECG. The platelets count and indices done by using hematological analyzer. Results: The age mean±SD of study contributor was 69.7±9.9. Males represented 56 % and females constitute 44% of study individuals. In our study, we found a negative correlation between platelets count and PDW [ r= -0.074 ,P=0.459 ; R= -0.023, P=0.815] , MPV r= -0.130 ,P=0.194 ; R= -0.081, P=0.417] , and diastolic blood pressure [ r= -0.023 ,P=0.818 ; R= -0.024, P=0.805]; and positive correlation between platelets count and PCT [ r= 0.103 ,P=0.308 ; Pearson R= 0.143, P=0.155] and diastolic blood pressure [ r= 0.022 ,P=0.823 ; R= 0.008]. PDW was displayed a negative correlation with MPV [ r= -0.185 , P=0.064; R= -0.175, P=0.080]. Based on Spearman but not Pearson correlation, PDW was showed negative correlation with PCT [r= -0.005, P=0.959; R= 0.010, P=0.929]. Likewise, PDW was a positive correlated with systolic blood pressure [ r= 0.105 ,P=0.298 ; R= 0.147, P=0.148] and diastolic blood pressure [ r= 0.146 ,P=0.145 ; R= 0.173, P=0.084]. Conclusion: The study underscores the platelets count and indices relationship in ischemic stroke patients.

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Background and Objectives
The reference method for antifungal susceptibility testing is broth microdilution according to  CLSI guidelines. However, the fully automated system, Vitek 2C system may reduce the workload and observer bias associated with manual broth microdilution. The aim of this study was to compare the results of YS08 card with the results of the broth microdilution method(BMD)
Methods
A total of 50 clinical Candida isolates were included in the study. The susceptibility testing was done by Vitek2C using the YS08 card .Broth microdilution was done as per CLSI guidelinesM27M44S-Ed3.
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Results
 For C. albicans, the categorical agreement was 85.8%, 71.5%, 85.8%, and 100% for fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, and micafungin, respectively. The minor errors of 14.2% for fluconazole and caspofungin , 28.5%  for vorionazole ,were detected in C. albicans. In C. glabrata, the Categorical agreement(CA)was 100% for micafungin, voriconazole, but 63.7% for caspofungin. A minor error of 36.3%  for caspofungin were detected. C. parapsilosis showed 100% CA for fluconazole, caspofungin, micafungin and 85.8% for voriconazole. There were 14.2% of minor errors for voriconazole. In C.tropicalis, 100 % CA was observed for fluconazole, micafungin, caspofungin and 88.9% for voriconazole. 11.1% (1/9) of minor errors was observed for voriconazole. In C.auris, there was 100% CA observed for caspofungin, micafungin, 77.8% for fluconazole,66.7% for amphotericinB. There was a major error of 22.2% for fluconazole and 33.3% for amphotericinB.
Conclusion
In conclusion, majority of Vitek 2C showed comparable results with the BMD. There were only minor errors in the tested Candida species.

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Background and Objectives: Tigecycline susceptibility testing and reporting remains enigmatousdue to lack of established guidelines.Disc diffusion as a method of performing susceptibility remains more widely accepted worldwide due to its ease of performance. Not much published literature is available from India on the utility of this method, especially from a cancer care setting; hence the study was conducted to find out the performance characteristics of disc diffusion by comparing its results with VITEK-2 COMPACT considering results of the later as standard.
Methods: Disc diffusion was performed by Kirby Bauer’s method using Mueller -Hinton agar and Hi-media 15mcg TGC disc using FDA and EUCAST breakpoints. When categorical agreement is ≥ 90%, Very Major Error is ≤ 1.5%, and Major Error ≤ 3%, the disc diffusion breakpoints can be considered acceptable according to CLSI criteria.
Results:By using Cohen’s kappa coefficient, kappa was 0.328 with a p value of <0.05. The agreement percentage noted was 60.84%. Two strains reported as resistant by VITEK-2 COMPACT were misclassified as sensitive by disc diffusion, hence 0.76% of very major error was noted.9.5% of major error and 27.7% of minor error was noted as 25 of susceptible reported strains were identified as resistant.
Conclusion:Since poor agreement was observed and it exceeded the acceptable performance rate, hence the disc diffusion method was not acceptable according to the CLSIcriteria. There is gap in uniformity and lack of streamlined harmonized TST which might become an alarming cause of concern.

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Introduction:Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder whose pathophysiology has been linked to various genetic and environmental factors. The main mechanism of the development of complications has been implicated as inflammation mediated. Various blood cell parameters are being used as early indicators of inflammation mediated endothelial dysfunction and thereby predict the severity or prognosis of diabetes mellitus. In this study, we aim to evaluate the role of Platelet-lymphocyte ratio in predicting the glycemic control of diabetic patients.
Methods:This is a retrospective, hospital based study conducted from August 2023 to December 2023. A total of 134 patients were included in the study. The hematological and biochemical reports of the study population were retrieved, and the data obtained was analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0.
Results: In this study, it has been found that the platelet lymphocyte ratio is significantly increased in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control as compared to diabetic patients with good glycemic control (p<0.001). This is in concordance with other studies that reported a positive association between platelet lymphocyte ratio and disease severity.
Conclusion:Platelet lymphocyte ratio can be used as a predictive marker in assessing the severity and prognosis of diabetic patients, but the exact cut off value is yet to be determined.