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The effect of an interval training course on nitric oxide levels, insulin resistance, and some blood lipid factors in type 2 diabetic male rats
Roohollah Mohammadi Mirzaei, Hamid Malekshahi , Halimeh Vahdatpoor ,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is a metabolic and vascular disorder characterized by endothelial dysfunction. Physical activity, particularly intermittent exercise, may offer therapeutic benefits. This study examined the effects of six weeks of intermittent exercise on serum nitric oxide (NO), insulin resistance, and lipid profiles in male diabetic rats.
Methods: Sixty Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 200 ± 20 g) were divided into six groups (n=10): healthy control, sham, interval training, interval training + saline, diabetic control, and diabetic + interval training. Diabetes was induced via nicotinamide-streptozotocin injection. The exercise groups underwent treadmill training (5 sessions/week for 6 weeks). Post-intervention, glucose, insulin, NO, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and cholesterol were measured.
Results: Diabetes induction significantly increased glucose and insulin resistance while reducing insulin and NO levels compared to controls (P < 0.001). After six weeks, the diabetic + exercise group showed significant reductions in glucose and insulin resistance (P < 0.001) and increased NO levels (P < 0.001) versus the diabetic group. Insulin levels did not differ significantly among the groups (P = 0.11). Lipid profiles (LDL, HDL, triglycerides, cholesterol) remained unchanged (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: Six weeks of intermittent exercise improved glucose metabolism and vascular function in the diabetic rats by reducing insulin resistance and increasing NO levels, suggesting its potential as a non-pharmacological therapy for diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction.
 

The evaluation of the effect of periodic resistance training along with vitamin D3 consumption and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on cortical TNF-β levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Behrooz Mohammadnezhad, Seyed Abdollah Hashemvarzi ,
Volume 19, Issue 3 (5-2025)
Abstract
Background: Inflammation plays a major role in the development and progression of diabetes. Vitamin D deficiency and physical inactivity can also increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Combined therapeutic strategies are promising approaches for the treatment and prevention of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of resistance training, vitamin D3 supplementation, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation on tumor necrosis factor-beta levels in the cerebral cortex of diabetic rats.
Methods: Eighty male Wistar rats (Weighing 290±19 g) were randomly divided into 10 groups: healthy control, sham, diabetes, training, vitamin D, MSC, training+vitamin D, MSC+training, MSC+vitamin D, and training+MSC+vitamin D. Training groups were subjected to a resistance training program on a ladder. MSC groups received 1.5 × 106 MSCs, and vitamin D supplementation groups received 1 microgram/kilogram of vitamin D3 eight times. Cortical TNF-β levels and fasting serum glucose levels were measured.
Results: After six weeks, the combination of resistance training with vitamin D3 supplementation and MSC transplantation (P=0.018), as well as the combination of resistance training with MSCs (P=0.024), significantly reduced the diabetes-induced elevation of TNF-β levels.
Conclusion: Resistance training with appropriate intensity, duration, and recovery between exercise sessions, combined with MSC transplantation and vitamin D3 supplementation, has profound anti-inflammatory effects on the cerebral cortex tissue of diabetic rats. This type of intervention, especially the transplantation of MSCs, may be a promising protective strategy against some complications of diabetes.
 

Investigation of the simultaneous effect of resistance training and atorvastatin in improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Wistar rats fed high high-fat/fructose diet
Raouf Moradian, Amir Haji Ghasem, Saleh Rahmati, Lida Moradi,
Volume 19, Issue 3 (5-2025)
Abstract
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a highly prevalent and chronic liver disease, is characterized by a diverse range of conditions that span across a broad spectrum. Engaging in consistent physical activity has proven to be a successful method in effectively managing NAFLD, as it has demonstrated the ability to enhance crucial elements implicated in the development of the condition.
Methods: Twenty-one male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: 1. NAFLD, 2. NAFLD + resistance training (RT), and 3. NAFLD + RT + atorvastatin (ATO). The groups received high-fat/fructose diet (HFFD) to induce NAFLD and it was confirmed through evaluation of histopathological analysis (H&E staining) and measurement of aminotransferase enzymes. ATO was administrated at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day. The interventions were carried out over eight weeks.
Results: Triglyceride (TG), Alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were significantly reduced in the NAFLD + RT + ATO group. Additionally, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were lower in NAFLD + RT group than NAFLD + RT + ATO group. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was reduced in both NAFLD + RT and NAFLD + RT + ATO groups compared to NAFLD. There was no significant difference in weight between the groups except the first, second, and fourth weeks.
Conclusion: Resistance training in combination with the administration of ATO can be deemed as an efficacious and supplementary strategy to effectively control and address NAFLD.

Effect of a period of intense functional training on IL-10, Dectin-1, and IL-1Ra in prediabetic obese women
Maryam Enshaei Mojarad , Hajar Abbaszadeh , Parvin Farzanegi ,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background: Obesity and prediabetes are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and macrophage-related markers such as IL-10, Dectin-1, and IL-1Ra play a key role in modulating inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on IL-10, Dectin-1, and IL-1Ra in prediabetic obese women to assess the impact of this exercise modality on M2 macrophage markers.
Methods: Thirty eligible female volunteers aged 35-40 years were selected and homogeneously divided into two groups: 1) control (n=15) and 2) training (n=15). The training group underwent a 16-week HIFT program based on CrossFit protocols, incorporating squats, deadlifts, barbell/dumbbell exercises, kettlebell swings, and aerobic/weight-bearing movements in a Workout of the Day format (60 min/session). The control group maintained their daily routines without structured exercise. Serum levels of Dectin-1, IL-10, and IL-1Ra were measured via ELISA. Descriptive statistics (Mean, standard deviation) were used for data analysis.
Results: After 16 weeks, HIFT significantly reduced Dectin-1 (P = 0.048) and increased IL-10 (P < 0.0001) and IL-1Ra (P < 0.0001) levels in prediabetic obese women.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that 16 weeks of HIFT may enhance anti-inflammatory markers (IL-10, IL-1Ra) and modulate Dectin-1, potentially mitigating obesity-related inflammatory complications in prediabetic women.
 

The effect of consumption of nettle extract and endurance training on the gene expression of IFN-Y and Endostatin in melanoma cancer in liver tissue of mice
Vahid Zolghadri, Alireza Barari, Asieh Abbasi Daloii, Hosein Abed Natanzi,
Volume 19, Issue 5 (9-2025)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Melanoma is an aggressive and malignant cancer that results from the transformation of pigment-producing melanocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nettle extract consumption and aerobic exercise on gene expression IFN-γ and Endostatin in melanoma cancer in liver tissue of mices .
Methods: 20 male BALB/c mices were randomly divided into 4 groups including: control, endurance, nettle, endurance+nettle. The training program included running on a treadmill for 30 minutes at a speed of 16 meters per minute. One meter per minute was added every week until it reached 22 meters per minute in the eighth week. Melanoma cells were induced subcutaneously in the left side of the mouse. The experimental group consumed 30 mg/kg /day of nettle ethanol extract orally for 8 weeks. RT PCR was used to measure the expression of IFN-γ and Endostatin genes.
Results: IFN-γ gene expression in experimental groups was not different from control group; While the level of Endostatin was significantly reduced (P = 0.142, P <0.001, respectively). IFN-γ gene expression levels in the experimental groups increased compared to the control group, but did not reach a significant level. Also, Endostatin gene expression levels in training and combination groups were significantly reduced compared to the control group (P = 0.022, P <0.001, respectively).
Conclusion: The results showed that endurance training with nettle extract may inhibit angiogenesis and capillary tissue formation in tumor tissue of mices with melanoma cancer by increasing IFN-γ and decreasing Endostatin.
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