ABSTRACT
            Background and Objectives: Formetanate hydrochloride is an effective insecticide and acaricide, which is frequently used in citrus gardens. Given its high toxicity, it is necessary to evaluate effects of this insecticide on living factors. In this study, we investigate effects of formetanate hydrochloride on human hemoglobin using spectroscopic analysis and molecular docking modeling.
            Methods: Effects of formetanate hydrochloride on human hemoglobin were investigated using molecular docking technique and thermodynamic and spectrophotometric methods such as normal and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism.
            Results: Decrement of the soret band without any significant shift proved that the insecticide could penetrate into the heme pocket and directly interact with the porphyrin ring. Results obtained from the intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and heme degradation study at 321 and 460 nm indicated that formetanate hydrochloride could potentially destroy the heme prosthetic group and eliminate its filtering effect, which results in fluorescence enhancement. The fluorescence study demonstrated a competitive behavior between hydrophobic probe ANS and formetanate hydrochloride for binding to the hemoglobin hydrophobic patches. Results of circular dichroism and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed the structural change and polarity alteration around aromatic fluorophores.
            Conclusion: Our findings elucidate that the binding of formetanate hydrochloride to hemoglobin through the heme pocket is energetically much more favorable compared to binding to the hydrophobic central cavity. In addition, formetanate hydrochloride can cause conformational changes in the human hemoglobin and the competitive behavior of this insecticide for the oxygen site can subsequently reduce the oxy form of hemoglobin.
            Keywords: Hemoglobin, Insecticides, Protein Degradation, Fluorescence.

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It typically develops from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), which can progress to smoldering myeloma and eventually to symptomatic disease. Diagnosis is primarily established using serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), and free light chain (FLC) testing. Additionally, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) plays a crucial role in identifying genetic abnormalities that influence disease course and prognosis. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of electrophoretic and genetic abnormalities among patients referred for serum protein electrophoresis, with a focus on cytogenetic abnormalities detected by FISH in confirmed MM cases.
Methods: Samples received for SPEP from 2017 to 2023 were analysed. Patients with abnormalities on electrophoresis (Such as distortions or M-spikes) underwent further evaluation, including immunofixation, free light chain assays, bone marrow examination, and other hematologic investigations. Confirmed MM cases were referred for FISH analysis to identify common cytogenetic abnormalities.
Results: Out of 800 patients with electrophoretic abnormalities, 100 were confirmed to have multiple myeloma. FISH analysis was available for 68 of these cases, and cytogenetic abnormalities were detected in 67.6% of patients. The most common abnormalities were IGH break-apart (54.5%), followed by p53 deletion (23.5%), t (4; 14) (14.7%), t (14cvzaQ; 20) (7.4%), monosomy 13 (5.9%), and monosomy 14 (4.4%).
Conclusion: A majority of MM patients showed abnormalities on FISH, with IGH break-apart being the most frequently detected. These cytogenetic abnormalities provide valuable prognostic information and can help guide treatment decisions. This study emphasizes the importance of routine cytogenetic profiling in MM to optimize therapeutic outcomes. Molecular cytogenetic techniques, especially FISH, are essential tools in the evaluation of suspected multiple myeloma. They play a pivotal role in detecting genetic abnormalities, guiding treatment strategies, and ultimately improving patient outcomes.